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NCSSF Project A10
Decision Support Systems for Forest Biodiversity: Evaluation of Current Systems and Future Needs

DSS Applications Inventory

Below is a list of examples of how decision support systems (DSS) have been applied to forest and biodiversity issues. For each application, we attempt to list a website, publication, or contact for follow-up information (note that for e-mail addresses you will need to replace "<at>" with the "@" symbol, used as a guard against junk e-mail).

Please alert us to other examples by sending a very brief description, with approximate time period used and follow-up contact information to Sean Gordon (sgordon<at>iforest.com).

Biodiversity Management Area Selection (BMAS)

California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System (CWHR)

  • Sierra Nevada National Forest Plan Amendment (DEIS released June 2003) used CWHR with the GAMMA vegetative growth and yield model to predict the habitat changes over time associated with different vegetative and silvicultural regimes.
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/draft-seis

CityGreen

  • The Dade County Urban Ecosystem Analysis proved valuable when citizens called on support for "Green Utility" legislation, a bill designed to develop alternative funding sources for urban beautification and the creation and preservation of open space in Florida communities. Using the Urban Ecosystem Analysis results and CITYgreen models, the Florida Local Environmental Resource Agencies Association, the Nature Conservancy, and the Florida Sierra Club were able to document substantial future returns on the state's investment, helping gain support from key politicians.
    http://www.americanforests.org/productsandpubs/citygreen/success.php

Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling System (CLAMS)

  • Presentations to the Oregon Board of Forestry, US Forest Service Region 6, and National Commission for Science and Sustainable Forestry. Has exposed possible problems with current policies, such as lack of diverse young stands over time (as most federal lands move towards old-growth and most private lands are regenerated quickly using a few commercial species).
    http://www.fsl.orst.edu/clams/

Conservation Assessment and Prioritization System (CAPS)

C-Plan

  • Clark, F. S. & Slusher, R. B. 2000. Using spatial analysis to drive reserve design: a case study of a national wildlife refuge in Indiana and Illinois (USA). Landscape Ecology 15, 75-84.
  • Pressey, R.L., Humphries, C.J., Margules, C.R., Vane-Wright, R.I. and Williams, P.H., 1993. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8, 124-128.
  • Pressey, R.L., Johnson, I.R. and Wilson, P.D., 1994. Shades of irreplaceability: towards a measure of the contribution of sites to a reservation goal. Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 242-262.
  • Pressey, R.L., Possingham, H.P., Logan, V.S., Day, J.R. and Williams, P.H., 1999. Effects of data characteristics on the results of reserve selection algorithms. Journal of Biogeography 26, 179-191.
  • Cowling, R. M., Pressey, R. L., Rouget, M. & Lombard, A. T. 2003. A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot - the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biological Conservation 112, 191-216.
  • Desmet, P. G., Cowling, R. M., Ellis, A. G. & Pressey, R. L. 2002. Integrating biosystematic data into conservation planning: Perspectives from Southern Africa's Succulent Karoo. Systematic Biology 51, 317-330.
  • Pence, G. Q. K., Botha, M. A. & Turpie, J. K. 2003. Evaluating combinations of on- and off-reserve conservation strategies for the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: a financial perspective. Biological Conservation 112, 253-273
  • Richardson, K. S. & Funk, V. A. 1999. An approach to designing a systematic protected area system in Guyana. Parks 9, 7-16
  • Pressey, R. L. & Taffs. K.H. 2001. Scheduling conservation action in production landscapes: priority areas in western New South Wales defined by irreplaceability and vulnerability to vegetation loss. Biological Conservation 100, 355-376.
  • Pressey, R.L., Possingham, H.P. and Day, J.R., 1997. Effectiveness of alternative heuristic algorithms for identifying indicative minimum requirements for conservation reserves. Biological Conservation 80, 207-219.

DEFINITE

  • Forest and Timber Inquiry in Australia

Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS)

  • Evaluation of watershed condition (reach and watershed scales) for the Aquatic and Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program of the Northwest Forest Plan.
    Kirsten Gallo, USDA Forest Service, kgallo<at>fs.fed.us
    http://www.reo.gov/monitoring/report_show.php?show=watershed
  • Evaluation of watershed condition (reach- and watershed-scales) for the North Coast Watershed Assessment Project in northern California.
    Steve Cannata, California Department of Fish and Game, scannata<at>dfg.ca.gov
    http://www.ncwatershed.ca.gov/default.html
  • Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators for forest ecosystem sustainability at regional and forest scales.
    Albert Abee, USDA Forest Service, aabee<at>fs.fed.us
  • Design of a biodiversity reserve system in the Columbia Basin.
    Patrick Bourgeron, University of Colorado, patrick.bourgeron<at>colorado.edu
  • Suitability of sites as potential new reserves in the University of California reserve system. The University guidelines were translated into a logic model, starting with the three primary criteria of scientific, academic, and administrative suitability.
    Frank Davis, UC Santa Barbara, fd<at>geog.ucsb.edu
  • Impact of road networks on fragmentation of wildlife habitat.
    Fraser Shilling, UC Davis, sierranetwork<at>ucdavis.edu
  • Landscape integrity and priorities for restoration of subwatersheds in an ecological subregion of eastern Washington State.
    Paul Hessburg, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, phessburg<at>fs.fed.us.

EZ-IMPACT

  • Bonnicksen, T.M. 1992. Northern spotted owl habitat conservation plan for California: results of workshops conducted using The Impact Process. Wildland Resources Center, University of California-Berkeley. 80pp. plus appendices.
  • Stark, C.R., Jr. and W.D. Seitz. 1988. Evaluation of alternative procedures for public input in watershed modeling. Proceedings, The Second Symposium on Social Science in Resources Management, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, June 6-9, p. 21.
  • Flader, S., T. M. Bonnicksen, and H. C. Jordahl, Jr. 1980. The future of the Great Lakes forests: a Delphi and cross-impact study. A report to the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission. 113 pp.
  • Behan, R.W. 1989. Multiresource forest management with EZ-IMPACT simulation models. In Tecle, A., Covington, W. W. and R. H. Hamre (eds.), Multiresource Management of Ponderosa Pine Forests. Proceedings of a Symposium. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. November 14-16. USDA Forest Service General Techical Report RM-185.

Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS)

  • In 1993, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection performed a landscape level analysis of the potential cumulative impacts of two pending timber harvest plans on habitat suitability and connectivity of late successional forests. Using previously developed algorithms, FVS tree list for five ten-year periods between 1993 and 2043 were translated into wildlife habitat stages in order to characterize forest landscapes through time. The analysis was used to define the connectivity (both spatially and temporally) of late successional forests. This analysis is a good example of how standard inventory information, simulation, and GIS can be utilized simultaneously to evaluate cumulative effects over large landscapes.
  • Black Hills National Forest calculation of timber yield tables as input into SPECTRUM, a linear optimization forest planning tool. Incorporating decision rules and custom rulebases, Black Hills National Forest analysts simultaneously calculated vegetative structural stage, bark beetle risk, and fire risk along with cubic and board foot volumes for proposed alternative silvicultural prescriptions. The calculated indices were evaluated as objective functions and constraints in the SPECTRUM model.

Habplan

  • Conservation Fund sustainable forestry management plan for portions of 58,000 acres on the eastern shore of Maryland, including biodiversity-related goals of water quality, the endangered Delmarva fox squirrel, and other species of interest.
    Dr. Steven Prisley, prisley<at>vt.edu

HARVEST

  • Gustafson, E.J. and T.R. Crow. 1994. Forest management alternatives in the Hoosier National Forest. Journal of Forestry 92(8):28-29.
  • Flathead National Forest preparation of Forest Plan Amendment #19, published in February 1995, and may be used in the development of their new Forest Plan.
    Douglas Berglund, Tel 406-758-5223,
  • Modeling forest management alternatives (including the Northwest Forest Plan) on the Olympic Peninsula
    Marnie Tyler, U Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, Tel. 206-543-9138,
  • Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forests Forest Plan revision.
    Eric Gustafson, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, ericgus<at>newnorth.net
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/cnnf/natres/final_forest_plan/index.html
  • HARVEST is being considered for use by the planning teams on a number of other National Forests, including the Hoosier, Huron-Manistee, Chippewa, Flathead, Lolo, Bitterroot and Shasta-Trinity.

Integrated Forest Resource Management System (INFORMS)

Integrated Natural Resource Decision System (INRDS)

  • Prototype developed for the long-term transportation-environmental planning issue of scheduling and allocating resources for salmon habitat restoration and protection involving consideration of the impacts of stormwater management, culvert removal, and road improvement.
    Michael C. Baechler, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, michael.baechler<at>pnl.gov

Klamath Landscape Ecosystem Management System (KLEMS)

  • Modoc National Forest: Warner Mountain Ranger District, Big Valley Ranger
  • Klamath National Forest: Happy Camp Ranger District, Scott River Ranger District.

LANDIS

Landscape Management System (LMS)

Landscape Successional Model (LANDSUM)

  • CRBSUM (a LANDSUM precursor) was used to simulate coarse scale landscape changes in the Interior Columbia River Basin (ICRB) as a result of four management scenarios.
    http://www.icbemp.gov/spatial/expnm/csu.shtml
  • CRBSUM and LANDSUM were used to simulate successional dynamics under two management scenarios for four landscapes hierarchically nested in space -- the interior Columbia River Basin, the central Idaho Mountains, Salmon National Forest, and the South Forth of July Creek Drainage. Model results were compared to assess how effects of management actions are translated across spatial scales.

Land-Use Change and Analysis System (LUCAS)

  • Landscape change and habitat availability in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and Olympic Peninsula. S.M. Pearson, M.G. Turner, and J.B. Drake, Ecological Applications 9, pp. 1288-1304, 1999
  • Wear, D. N.; Turner, M. G.; Flamm, R. O. 1996. Ecosystem management in a multi-ownership setting: exploring landscape dynamics in a Southern Appalachian watershed. Ecological Applications 6:1173–1188.

MARXAN / SPEXAN

  • Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Planning Authority (GBRMPA) is using in their rezoning plans.
    http://www.ecology.uq.edu.au/marxan.htm
  • Practical and theoretical aspects of spatial reserve design using both socio-economic and ecological data for coastal and marine systems in South Australia.
    Romola Stewart, PhD student, The University of Queensland,
    http://www.ecology.uq.edu.au/marxan.htm
  • A study of marine spatial reserve system design. (see Leslie et al., in press - part of an NCEAS marine reserve design project - and McDonnell et al. 2002).
  • The Nature Conservancy sponsored an integration of SPEXAN and ArcView GIS for their ecoregional planning processes (see the Sites descriptions)
  • US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has funded advancing MARXAN to provide technical advice on its application to Salmon recovery planning.
    http://www.ecology.uq.edu.au/marxan.htm

Multi-resource Analysis and Geographic Information System2 (MAGIS)

Multi-Resource Land Allocation Model (MRLAM)

NED

  • The tool is being used throughout the East Coast to help prepare forest stewardship plans. Numerous federal, state and even private foresters use this tool.
  • Private lands use in South Carolina.
    Mike Rauscher, USDA Forest Service, Tel 828-667-5261,
  • Ft. Campbell's forest management plan (70,000 acres).
    Steve Forry, Tel 270-956-3376,
  • Maryland DNR is working to adapt and use NED to analyze different properties in terms of water quality, wildlife, recreation and biodiversity.
    Rob Northrop, Tel 410-287-2918,

Netweaver & GeoNetweaver

Oregon State Forests Planning Heuristic

  • Habitat Conservation Plan decision-making on the Elliott State Forest (Oregon).

Program to Assist in Tracking Critical Habitat (PATCH)

  • Schumaker, N. H., T. Ernst, P. Haggerty, J. Baker, and D. White. 2002. Terrestrial Wildlife Populations. In D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker (eds), Willamette River Basin Atlas, 2nd Edition. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
  • Richards, W. H., W. O. Wallin, and N. H. Schumaker. 2002. An analysis of late-seral forest connectivity in western Oregon. Conservation Biology 16:1409-1421.
  • Carroll, C., M. K. Phillips, N. H. Schumaker, and D. W. Smith. 2003. Impacts of landscape change on wolf restoration success: Planning a reintroduction program using static and dynamic spatial models. Conservation Biology 17:536-548.
  • Lawler, J. J., and N. H. Schumaker. Evaluating habitat as a surrogate for population viability using a spatially explicit population model. In Press: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
  • Carroll, C. R. F. Noss, P. C. Paquet, and N. H. Schumaker. Extinction debt of protected areas in developing landscapes. In Press: Conservation Biology.
  • Schumaker, N. H., T. Ernst, D. White, J. Baker, and P. Haggerty. Projecting wildlife responses to alternative future landscapes in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. In press: Ecological Applications.
  • Carroll, C., R. F. Noss, P. C. Paquet, and N. H. Schumaker. Integrating population viability analysis and reserve selection algorithms into regional conservation plans. In Press: Ecological Applications.
  • Calkin, D., C. A. Montgomery, N. H. Schumaker, S. Polasky, J. L. Arthur, and D. J. Nalle. Developing a production possibility set of wildlife species persistence and timber harvest value using simulated annealing. In Press. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
  • Carroll, C., R. F. Noss, N. H. Schumaker, and P. C. Paquet. 2001. Is the return of the wolf, wolverine, and grizzly bear to Oregon and California biologically feasible?. In D. Maehr, R. Noss, and J. Larkin, eds. Large mammal restoration: ecological and sociological challenges in the 21st century. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  • Rustigian, H. L., M. V. Santelmann, and N. H. Schumaker. 2003. Assessing the potential impacts of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics. Landscape Ecology 18:65-81.

RAMAS

Refuge GAP

Regional Ecosystem and Land Management Decision Support System (RELM)

  • California Owl EIS Project: development of an EIS for 10 national forest covering over 10-million acres. Development of an interagency (BLM and FS) model for assessing the cumulative effects and connected actions related to implementing the President’s Northwest Plan. Evaluation of Range Management Strategies for re-issuance of grazing permits. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: used to select areas for biodiversity management and reserves.
    http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/planning_center/plan_relm.html

ResNet & Surrogacy

  • Sarkar, S., Parker, N. C., Garson, J., Aggarwal, A., and S. Haskell. 2000. “Place Prioritization for Texas Using GAP Data: The Use of Biodiveristy and Economic Surrogates Within Socioeconomic Constraints,” Gap Analysis Bulletin 9: 48 – 51.
    http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/Bulletins/9/bulletin9/bulletin9html/ppftugd.html
  • Sarakinos, H.; Nicholls, A.O.; Tubert, A.; Aggarwal, A.; Margules, C.R.; Sarkar, S. 2001. Area prioritization for biodiversity conservation in Québec on the basis of species distributions: a preliminary analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 1419-1472.
  • ResNet is being used to find sites with under-represented vegetation types in Ecuador

Restore

Rocky Mountain Landscape Simulator (RMLANDS)

  • Uncompahgre Plateau Landscape - Historic Range of Variability --This application involves using a suite of models (RMLANDS, FRAGSTATS, and HABIT@) to simulate and quantify the range of variation in landscape structure and habitat capability for selected indicator species on the Uncompahgre Plateau Landscape under a disturbance regime characteristic of a historic reference period (the pre-1900 period of indigenous settlement).
    http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/rmlands/applications/rmlands_applications.html
  • San Juan National Forest - Historic Range of Variability --This application involves using a suite of models (RMLANDS, FRAGSTATS, and HABIT@) to simulate and quantify the range of variation in landscape structure and habitat capability for selected indicator species on the San Juan National Forest under a disturbance regime characteristic of a historic reference period (the pre-1900 period of indigenous settlement).
    http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/rmlands/applications/rmlands_applications.html

Simulating Patterns and Processes at Landscape Scales (SIMPPLLE)

  • Comparison of current fire-suppressed landscape to probable historical conditions, Salmon River Canyon East side Region One - Analysis of Management Situation Poorman - Helena National Forest Comparison of vegetation dynamics with and without fire suppression, Steviwc Planning Unit -Bitterroot National Forest Comparison of current fire-suppressed landscape to probable historical conditions, Bitterroot Geographic Area
    http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/missoula/4151/SIMPPLLE/

Sites/Site Selection Module (SSM)

  • Prioritizing Sites for Endangered Species Conservation along the Santa Clara River
    http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/tnc/toolbox.html
  • The model is being used by The Nature Conservancy in many regions (e.g., Idaho Batholith, Sierra Nevada, Florida, Southern Appalachians) of the U.S. for Ecoregional Planning.
  • Beck, M. W. and M. Odaya. 2001. Ecoregional planning in marine environments: Identifying priority sites for conservation in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Conservation 11: 235-242.
  • TNC Conservation portfolio for the Middle Rocky Mountains - Blue Mountains Ecoregion (abstract of poster presented by TNC planning team at the 2000 Society for Conservation Biology conference)
  • Conducting large-scale conservation evaluation and conservation area selection using a knowledge-based system (paper presented at GIS/EM4 in 2000 by Patrick Bourgeron of University of Colorado)
  • Prioritizing Conservation Efforts in the Sierra Nevada Ecoregion. Paper presented by Bo Wilmer at the 2001 ESRI User Conference.
  • Ecoregions and species assemblages: testing indicators for identifying areas of conservation concern. Paper presented by Josh Lawler at the 16th Annual Symposium of the U.S. Chapter of International Association of Landscape Ecology, Tempe, Arizona, April 2001.
  • Leslie, Heather, Mary Ruckelshaus, Ian R. Ball, Sandy Andelman, and Hugh P. Possingham. Using siting algorithms in the design of marine reserve networks. In press. Ecological Applications.

Spatial Wetland Assessment for Management & Planning (SWAMP)

  • The SWMAP methodology is being adapted for use in Southern California because the local governments requested the methodology for their region. In addition SWAMP is also being adapted for Rhode Island.
    http://www.csc.noaa.gov/lcr/text/swamp.html
  • A precursor to SWAMP, called CREWS, was used in North Carolina for land-use planning and to help DOT avoid high priority wetlands.
    Jim Stanfill, 919-733-2293.,

Spectrum

  • SPECTRUM analysis of the Croatan National forest for ecosystem management purposes (including the red-cockaded woodpecker).
    Joseph Roise, Dept. Forestry, North Carolina State Univ., joe_roise<at>ncsu.edu
  • Black Hills National Forest Plan
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/blackhills/
  • Sierra Nevada National Forest Plan Amendment (DEIS released June 2003) included biodiversity-related criteria in their Spectrum model, including acres of the forest in various CWHR or Old Growth states and removal of various stand attributes such as snags, dead and down material, and large trees.
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/draft-seis
  • Boise-Payette-Sawtooth National Forest plan revisions used Spectrum to plan ways to meet desired vegetative conditions.
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/sawtooth/arevision/revision.htm

Tool for Exploratory Landscape Scenario Analyses (TELSA)

  • Klenner, W., W.A. Kurz and S.J. Beukema. 2000. Habitat patterns in forested landscapes: management practices and the uncertainty associated with natural disturbances. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 27: 243-262.
  • Merzenich, J., W.A. Kurz, S.J. Beukema, M. Arbaugh and S. Schilling. 1999. Long-range modelling of stochastic disturbances and management treatments using VDDT and TELSA. In: Proceedings: Society of American Foresters National Convention: Landscape Analysis Session. Portland, Oregon. Sep 14, 1999.
  • TELSA was developed to support strategic planning in British Columbia and has been applied to case studies in the southern interior of BC, in northwestern BC and in northern Alberta. Beukema, S.J., Kurz, W.A., Klenner, W., Merzenich, J. and M. Arbaugh. In press. Applying TELSA to assess alternative management scenarios. In: Proceedings of 2000 Symposium on Systems Analysis in Forest Resources, Aspen, Colorado, September, 2000.

Vegetation Dynamic Development Tool (VDDT)

  • The Nature Conservancy NY developed a model focussed on changes within the globally rare ridgetop dwarf pine barrens (instead of among the numerous natural communities present on the ridge (as the original model presented).The results of the VDDT modeling efforts were presented to three differentaudiences, including a small group of Board members from the Eastern New YorkChapter of The Nature Conservancy, the Research Subcommittee of the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership and fire practitioners.
    http://tnc-ecomanagement.org/Fire/Resources/
  • Hann, W.J. and D.L. Bunnell. 2001. Fire and land management planning and implementation across multiple scales. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10:389-403.
  • Beukema, S.J. and C.B. Pinkham. 2001. Vegetation pathway diagrams for the Morice and Lakes Innovative Forest Practices Agreement. Report IFPA No 451.01. 76 pp.
  • Merzenich, J., W.A. Kurz, S. Beukema, M. Arbaugh and S. Schilling. In press. Determining forest fuel treatments for the Bitterroot front using VDDT. In: Proceedings of 2000 Symposium on Systems Analysis in Forest Resources, Aspen, Colorado, September, 2000.
  • Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP)
  • A Partial Limiting Factor Assessment of Rangeland Integrity on BLM Lands in Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington
    http://www.rangenet.org/tools/assessmt.pdf
  • Arbaugh, M.J., S. Schilling, J. Merzenich and J.W. van Wagtendon. 2000. A test of the strategic fuels management model VDDT using historical data from Yosemite National Park. In: L.F. Neuenschwander and K.C. Ryan (tech. eds.). Proc. Joint Fire Sci. Conf. and Workshop, Vol II. Univ Idaho and Int. Assoc. Wildland Fire. pp. 85-89.

Willamette Basin Alternative Futures Analysis

  • Willamette Restoration Initiative Board directly incorporated the WVF restoration opportunities map into their recommendations in the Willamette Restoration Strategy.
    http://www.oregonwri.org/
  • Willamette Valley Livability Forum used results in their discussions of transportation and rural economic development issues.
    http://www.wvlf.org/
  • Influenced the work of associated organizations (Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Lane County Councils of Government, Defenders of Wildlife-West Coast).
  • Survey the Lessons Learned about Managing Forests for Biodiversity and Sustainability Based on Practical Experiences, Steven R. Radosevich, Oregon State University, July 1, 2002 to January 30, 2004.
    http://www.ncseonline.org/NCSSF/page.cfm?FID=2051

Woodstock, Spatial Woodstock & Stanley

  • Bighorn National Forest forest plan revision using Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) growth and yield information in Woodstock models to calculate timber volume from lands designated for timber production and to compile forest-modeling outputs addressing the Bighorn National Forest Plan Revision timber yield analysis. (2003)
    Chris Thomas, Forested Vegetation Program Leader,
    http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/bighorn/
  • Black Hills National Forest (South Dakota) has used since 2001 for long-term, multiple use planning.
  • Province of New Brunswick includes a Biodiversity requirement in their "Vision for New Brunswick forests". Thus all crown licensees holders in the Province use the System to address these issues.
  • Carbon emission and sequestration rates have been integrated into Woodstock models by City Forests Ltd. in New Zealand.
    http://www.cityforests.co.nz
  • An Alberta research team uses Remsoft Spatial Planning System to help forecast grizzly bear habitat, 10, 50 and 100 years into the future.
    Dr. Falk Huettmann, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Calgary's Dept. of Geography,
    www.fmf.ab.ca/grizres01.html

 

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